Layer-by-layer surface modification of lipid nanocapsules.

Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) were modified by adsorbing sequentially dextran sulfate (DS) and chitosan (CS) on their surface by the layer-by-layer (LBL) approach. Tangential flow filtration (TFF) was used in intermediate purifications of the LNC dispersion during the LBL process. The surface modification was based on electrostatic interactions between the coating polyelectrolytes (PEs) and the LNCs. Therefore, a cationic surfactant, lipochitosan (LC), was synthesised by coupling stearic anhydride on chitosan, and the surface of LNCs was first modified by this LC by the post-insertion technique. The PEs could be successfully adsorbed on the LNC surface as verified by alternating zeta potential and increase in size. To present a therapeutic application, fondaparinux sodium (FP), a heparin-like synthetic pentasaccharide, was introduced on the LNC surface instead of DS.